Modular Blockchain

A modular blockchain splits the work a network must do — executing transactions, reaching consensus, settling disputes and publishing data — across separate specialised layers instead of handling all of it on one chain. A rollup might run execution while another network provides consensus and data availability, and each component can be upgraded or swapped without rebuilding the whole stack. Supporters argue this modular design raises throughput and lowers fees, because every layer is optimised for a single job. The trade-off is added complexity: assets often move between layers through bridges, which carry their own risk, and a fault or outage in one component can affect everything built on top of it. Ethereum's rollup-centric roadmap is the most widely cited example of the modular approach.